Understanding the structure-property relationship is crucial in engineering materials, such as polymers, ceramics and metals. It also plays an important role in materials selection and design. The characterization of materials structure, composition and property heavily relies on the technique used. With the tremendous growth in science and technology, various analysis techniques, methods and instruments have been developed. Those developments provide a powerful support to current materials science research. By using different analysis technique and instrument, the specific property information of a material could be obtained. Generally, materials analysis can be classified as follows: