Biological sensor

Biosensors can rapidly detect pathogens, proteins, heavy metals, and other analytes, and are widely used in healthcare, genetic analysis, environmental testing, and food testing.

Organisms have unique biochemical recognition capabilities that allow them to respond to external stimuli and convert these signals into signals that the body can receive and process to obtain nutrients or avoid danger. Humans use the sensitivity of biometrics to observe and understand the living environment, that is, to stimulate cells, tissues, proteins, and enzymes in nature, and convert observable things into measurable physical quantities. As a result of this biological simulation, such sensors are known as biosensors.

Biosensors are portable special tools that acquire and process information for the rapid detection of pathogens, proteins, heavy metals, and antibiotics. Biosensors are mainly composed of 3 parts: molecular recognition elements (including enzymes, antibodies, antigens, microorganisms, cells, tissues, nucleic acids, and other biologically active substances), conversion elements (such as oxygen electrodes, photosensitive transistors, field-effect transistors, piezoelectric crystals, etc. ) and signal amplifying device. When a certain compound interacts with the molecular recognition element, a large number of quantifiable signals, such as light, sound, electricity, etc., are generated, and the concentration of the analyte is quantitatively detected by these signals.

1.1 Application in the medical field

Due to the unique properties and appropriate surface modifications of various nanomaterials, they enable the diagnosis of molecular markers with extremely high sensitivity. For example, nano biosensors identify biomarkers corresponding to diseases through nanomaterials, which can be used for the prevention and early detection of cardiovascular diseases. At the same time, nanobiosensors have also shown the ability to sense disease-specific biomarkers in vivo. In an in vivo setting, the device can monitor real-time biological signals, such as the release of proteins or antibodies in response to tissue damage, muscle wasting, heart infarction, inflammation, or infection. Therefore, biosensors have the unique advantage of being able to inform health-related information in a timely manner, making them a powerful tool for early clinical disease detection and treatment. Their applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine also have great potential, especially in microfluidic tissue engineering models, as they can be detected at very low concentration levels by ultrasensitive optical, electrochemical or acoustic sensing systems. Sensing specific biomolecules in miniaturized tissue structures.

1.2 Application in the food field

Due to its specific biometric function, high selectivity, small size, accurate results, convenience and quickness, strong anti-interference ability, and fast response, nano-bio sensors are used in all aspects of the food field, including food ingredients, Quality indicators, food microorganisms, pesticide/veterinary drug residues, food additives, food freshness, hormones, and non-edible chemicals testing, etc. For example, nano-gold immunolabeling analysis technology is widely used in food detection.

1.3 Application in Environmental Monitoring

Nanobiosensors can detect heavy metal ions, mutagen, pollutant toxicity, and hormone pollutants, which provide powerful tools for environmental monitoring. For example, metal nanomaterials can be used as a good optical signal transduction unit in the colorimetric analysis due to their excellent optical properties, and by combining with molecules that have specific recognition of the heavy metals to be measured, high sensitivity and high selectivity of the heavy metals to be measured can be achieved.

1.4 Other applications

A Nano gas sensor is a gas sensor made of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes have certain adsorption characteristics. The interaction between adsorbed gas molecules and carbon nanotubes changes its Fermi level, which causes a large change in its macroscopic resistance. This change is a gas sensor that can detect gas components.

Research on nanomaterials in various disciplines has developed rapidly in recent years, especially in terms of sensitivity, detection selectivity, and detection limit. The specific selectivity and reproducibility need to be further improved; the mechanism and characteristics of composite nanomaterials need in-depth research; how to deal with toxic nanomaterials, and non-toxic green nanomaterials should be studied for modified electrodes. Therefore, taking into account the detection sensitivity and selectivity is also a future research direction.

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