Application of manganese in biomaterials

Manganese is an essential trace element for the human body, and it is related to various physiological functions. Manganese ions improve cell adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins by influencing integrins, thereby enhancing bone formation and affecting bone tissue metabolism. At the same time, manganese is a co-factor for various enzymes in the human body, such as arginase and glutamine synthetase, and plays an important role in immune function and energy metabolism.

Biomedical materials: a class of special functional materials, either natural or artificially synthesized, that are used for contact with and interaction with the human body, and can be used for the treatment, replacement, repair or regeneration of cells, organs and tissues, also known as biomedical materials. This includes biomedical metallic materials, medical polymer materials, medical inorganic non-metallic materials, and biomedical composite materials, which have good biocompatibility and excellent mechanical properties.

In recent years, with the development of stem cell technology and bone tissue engineering technology, functional metal ions have been incorporated into bone repair materials through physical or chemical methods, which are released upon degradation of the materials. These metal ions can act on stem cells adhering to the material surface, promoting their osteogenic differentiation and playing a therapeutic role. Bone tissue engineering technology has been widely used in tissue repair and regeneration, and the bone defect has become one of the main challenges in the field of tissue engineering, making it a major focus of research in the field of biomaterials. Scaffold materials that are structurally and compositionally similar to natural bone tissue are ideal candidates for bone regeneration. However, the lack of osteoinductive ability greatly limits the bone repair efficiency of materials such as collagen, hydroxyapatite, and β-tricalcium phosphate. The modification of these materials with inorganic functional ions can enhance their bone-forming ability. In recent years, the functional ions that have been studied more extensively are mainly magnesium ions (Mg), zinc ions (Zn), and strontium ions (Sr), while there has been less research on manganese ions. With the deepening research on manganese, it has been discovered that adding it to different types of biomaterials can further enhance their mechanical properties, osteogenic ability, and antibacterial properties, making it a potentially new direction in biomaterial research.

Application of manganese element in medical metal biomaterials

There are many types of medical metal biomaterials, such as 316L stainless steel, titanium and titanium alloys, zirconium alloys, cobalt-chromium alloys, nickel-titanium alloys, magnesium and magnesium alloys, iron-based alloys, and zinc-based alloys. Due to their excellent mechanical properties Performance, good corrosion resistance and degradation performance, and biocompatibility, it is widely used in the fields of oral implant materials, orthopedic internal fixation materials, bone defect repair implant materials, vascular stent materials, and other fields.

However, different types of bioalloy materials still have some shortcomings in actual clinical applications. For example, magnesium and magnesium alloys corrode and degrade quickly in the human body. Corrosion and degradation occur after interacting with human blood and body fluids, releasing A large amount of hydrogen is not conducive to the healing of bone tissue; the degradation rate of iron and iron-based metal biomaterials in the body is too slow, and the implanted material needs to be taken out twice, which can easily cause secondary damage to the surgical area; traditional Ti-6Al-4V medical titanium The high elastic modulus of alloys can lead to osteoporosis in new bone tissue. At the same time, toxic aluminum and vanadium ions will be released after corrosion and degradation when implanted in the human body, which can easily cause inflammatory reactions in the implanted area; zinc and zinc alloys have lower strength and plasticity, and poor mechanical properties limit its clinical application. In order to improve the shortcomings of the above alloys, manganese element has the following three advantages: ① Manganese element is an essential trace element in the human body and has good biocompatibility; ② Adding to the alloy can effectively improve the mechanical strength and Corrosion resistance; ③ It has a good osteogenic effect, can promote cell proliferation, adhesion, diffusion and regulate bone metabolism. Therefore, introducing manganese into alloy materials is an effective strategy to improve the biological and mechanical properties of alloy materials.

Medical metal biomaterials can effectively improve the mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and antibacterial properties of the material after combining manganese elements. At the same time, it enhances the in vitro osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, thereby enhancing the osseointegration effect of the material, further improving the medical The properties of metal biomaterials are a promising direction for the development of medical metal materials.

Application of manganese in bone tissue engineering materials

Bone tissue engineering materials are mainly used to repair bone defects. The current methods of repairing bone defects are mainly autologous and allogeneic bone grafts. However, their shortcomings are also obvious. Autologous bone grafts need to be obtained from the patient's body and require a second operation, which will lead to Damage to the donor site and increase surgical risks. Allogeneic bone transplantation can cause immune rejection and is in short supply. These shortcomings limit their clinical application. Bone tissue engineering materials just make up for the above shortcomings. Commonly used materials mainly include bioceramic materials (such as hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate, etc.), polymer organic synthetic materials (mainly including polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, and polylactic acid hydroxyl Acetic acid, etc.), and natural polymer materials (such as chitin and its derivatives, fibrin and collagen), etc. These materials have good compressive strength, biocompatibility, and osseointegration effects, and the introduction of manganese ions modifies these materials and strengthens these effects, making them a more excellent implant repair material.

Introducing manganese ions into bone tissue engineering materials has the following advantages:

(1) Manganese ions improve the mechanical properties of bioceramic scaffold materials.

(2) Manganese ions give the material a certain antibacterial effect.

(3) Manganese ions can further enhance the osteogenic effect of the material.

A large number of studies have also shown that compared with hydroxyapatite, manganese-containing hydroxyapatite has better biocompatibility and significantly enhances cell adhesion and proliferation capabilities.

Application of manganese in drug delivery and tumor treatment

Drug delivery systems are mainly composed of a complex of drugs and drug-loaded carriers to deliver drugs to the treatment site in a targeted and on-demand manner. There is a wide range of biomedical carrier materials, which are mainly divided into natural carriers and synthetic carriers. Natural carriers mainly include polymer degradable chitosan, polylactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer, natural gel, cellulose, etc., and synthetic drug carriers mainly include There are composites in various forms such as nanoparticles and hydrogels. When manganese ions are incorporated into nanoparticles, a new drug delivery system is formed, and introducing it into biological carriers further improves the performance of this type of carrier.

(1) The introduction of manganese ions promotes the controlled release of drugs. At the same time, manganese is a paramagnetic metal ion and can be used as a substitute for the existing Gd3+ contrast agent, with less toxicity and enhanced specific nuclear magnetic imaging performance. Imaging tumors and monitoring chemodynamic therapy processes.

(2) Manganese ions make the drug delivery system highly sensitive to pH value and light response, enhancing photothermal/photodynamic therapy.

(3) Manganese ions can induce antibacterial effects.

With the advancement of medicine and material processing methods, a large number of biomaterials have been developed, and different types of biomaterials have different application characteristics. Biomaterials mainly include metals and their alloys, high molecular polymers, ceramics, and nanomaterials, etc., and have important applications in the fields of bone tissue engineering, dentistry, drug delivery systems, cardiovascular devices, and cancer treatment. However, different types of biomaterials also have different shortcomings. In recent years, studies have found that biomaterials have better mechanical properties, antibacterial properties, and bone-promoting effects after the introduction of manganese ions, which greatly improves the performance of biomaterials. It has good application value in the fields of tissue engineering, dental implants, drug delivery systems, cardiovascular stents, and cancer nanomedicine. However, current research in this area mainly focuses on using the properties of manganese elements itself to make up for the shortcomings of biological materials. However, there are limitations of the manganese element itself and related problems caused by the introduction of biological materials, such as manganese in metal materials. The higher the proportion of the element, the stronger the cytotoxicity. At the same time, the mechanism of manganese promoting bone and its metabolism in the body are not yet clear. How to control the proportion of manganese in the material so that it can maintain good mechanical mechanics, and antibacterial and osteogenic properties after being incorporated into biomaterials, so that the degradation rate of the material is compatible with the bone growth rate, and at the same time reduce its impact on the bone. The toxicity of cells or tissues, so as to be better applied in various biological materials, still needs further exploration.

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